1 00:00:00,799 --> 00:00:03,360 I am Andrew Hippisley, I'm the Dean of 2 00:00:03,360 --> 00:00:05,040 the Fairmont College of Liberal Arts and 3 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:06,319 Sciences. 4 00:00:06,319 --> 00:00:08,720 Thank you for joining us. This is the 5 00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:09,760 second 6 00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:12,880 talk of our brand new series, 7 00:00:12,880 --> 00:00:16,800 Perspectives: Legacies of Racism. This is 8 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:19,199 where we invite experts to share their 9 00:00:19,199 --> 00:00:20,480 expertise 10 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:23,519 to help us make sense of our world and 11 00:00:23,519 --> 00:00:24,880 our nation 12 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:27,439 and to have frank discussions of topics, 13 00:00:27,439 --> 00:00:29,679 even those topics that make us feel 14 00:00:29,679 --> 00:00:31,679 uncomfortable. 15 00:00:31,679 --> 00:00:34,480 This is a series where different and 16 00:00:34,480 --> 00:00:37,760 even contradictory perspectives are 17 00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:39,840 welcome. 18 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:42,879 Our Legacies of Racism series pulls the 19 00:00:42,879 --> 00:00:45,360 experts to center stage 20 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:48,079 to help us sift through the facts 21 00:00:48,079 --> 00:00:51,360 and ask the tough questions about racism 22 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:53,039 in the United States 23 00:00:53,039 --> 00:00:54,800 and its historical 24 00:00:54,800 --> 00:00:57,120 antecedents. 25 00:00:57,120 --> 00:01:01,120 I would like to call upon Dr. Jay Price, 26 00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:03,600 the chair of the Department of History 27 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:05,199 in the Fairmont College of Liberal Arts 28 00:01:05,199 --> 00:01:08,240 and Sciences to introduce today's 29 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:11,520 speaker. Over to you, Jay. 30 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:14,240 Thank you. I'm delighted to introduce our 31 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:17,840 speaker today Dr. Laila Ballout. 32 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:20,400 Dr. Ballout is an Assistant Professor of 33 00:01:20,400 --> 00:01:23,840 History and she teaches courses in 20th 34 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:25,920 century, U.S. history, U.S. foreign 35 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:29,119 relations and immigration history. 36 00:01:29,119 --> 00:01:31,439 Her research focuses on the U.S. 37 00:01:31,439 --> 00:01:33,600 relationship with the Middle East at the 38 00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:36,079 end of the 20th century and she's 39 00:01:36,079 --> 00:01:38,560 currently working on her book, "Saving 40 00:01:38,560 --> 00:01:41,119 Lebanon: the American and Lebanese 41 00:01:41,119 --> 00:01:44,159 Pursuit of Intervention in the Lebanese 42 00:01:44,159 --> 00:01:47,960 Civil War 1975-1990" 43 00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:52,240 with that I turn it over to Laila. 44 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:54,479 Thank you very much to all of you for 45 00:01:54,479 --> 00:01:58,320 coming on this sunny November 46 00:01:58,320 --> 00:02:00,560 afternoon and thank you very much to 47 00:02:00,560 --> 00:02:02,320 Dean Hippsley and to 48 00:02:02,320 --> 00:02:05,680 Jay Price for your introductions. 49 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:07,920 There are many ways that the U.S. 50 00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:09,919 government can extend or limit the 51 00:02:09,919 --> 00:02:12,160 rights of citizenship to individuals, but 52 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:14,400 in the United States in the 20th century 53 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:16,480 immigration policy is a particularly 54 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:18,640 good place to look to understand 55 00:02:18,640 --> 00:02:21,200 American anxieties and policies about 56 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:24,160 demographic composition of the nation 57 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:25,840 and this brings me to 58 00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:28,080 the title of my talk today which I 59 00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:30,239 will now share my screen. 60 00:02:30,239 --> 00:02:31,680 Hopefully 61 00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:33,440 that will work 62 00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:35,680 all right 63 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:37,840 and so the title of my talk today "Who 64 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:40,080 can become an American?" refers both to 65 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:42,239 the literal question of who has been 66 00:02:42,239 --> 00:02:43,840 permitted to legally gain U.S. 67 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:46,640 citizenship and the figurative question 68 00:02:46,640 --> 00:02:48,959 that U.S. policymakers often debate when 69 00:02:48,959 --> 00:02:50,640 they have to decide U.S. immigration 70 00:02:50,640 --> 00:02:52,879 policies deciding who can come to the 71 00:02:52,879 --> 00:02:55,519 United States often includes deciding 72 00:02:55,519 --> 00:02:57,920 who an American is or at least who a 73 00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:00,239 desirable American is. 74 00:03:00,239 --> 00:03:02,159 Immigration is a realm of U.S. law in 75 00:03:02,159 --> 00:03:04,720 which politicians have broad latitude in 76 00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:08,000 deciding the boundaries of Americanness. 77 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:10,080 In debating U.S. immigration policy 78 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:12,080 politicians often define which groups 79 00:03:12,080 --> 00:03:14,319 they think make the best most desirable 80 00:03:14,319 --> 00:03:16,720 citizens and which groups they'd like to 81 00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:19,599 exclude or limit citizenship for. 82 00:03:19,599 --> 00:03:21,120 These debates become revealing 83 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:23,760 conversations about the so-called true 84 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:26,239 or best Americans and assumptions about 85 00:03:26,239 --> 00:03:28,879 people's ability to become American or 86 00:03:28,879 --> 00:03:31,440 assimilate into the U.S. nation often 87 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:34,319 based on their race ethnicity religion 88 00:03:34,319 --> 00:03:35,440 or class 89 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:37,440 or often some combination of these 90 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:39,200 factors. 91 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:41,280 My discussion today will outline how U.S. 92 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:43,440 immigration policy is decided and 93 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:45,599 discuss some of the foundations of race 94 00:03:45,599 --> 00:03:47,360 in U.S. immigration law at the start of 95 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:49,920 the 20th century before examining three 96 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:51,840 specific moments in which contemporary 97 00:03:51,840 --> 00:03:54,720 ideas about race and ethnicity were 98 00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:57,680 incorporated into U.S. immigration law. 99 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:00,319 These are the era of Asian exclusion, the 100 00:04:00,319 --> 00:04:02,720 1965 immigration act and the impact of 101 00:04:02,720 --> 00:04:04,959 civil rights on U.S. immigration law and 102 00:04:04,959 --> 00:04:07,280 finally the anxieties about demographic 103 00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:09,840 change that emerged in the United States 104 00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:12,159 as a result of the changing composition 105 00:04:12,159 --> 00:04:14,640 of immigrants to the u.s that took shape 106 00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:18,880 after the 1965 immigration act. 107 00:04:19,040 --> 00:04:21,919 So to begin, 108 00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:25,759 the first important question to address, 109 00:04:25,759 --> 00:04:28,880 sorry, I'm dodging a sunbeam here, first 110 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:31,360 important question to address is, how is 111 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:33,600 U.S. citizenship and immigration policy 112 00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:34,720 crafted. 113 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:37,360 Well, for much of the 19th century 114 00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:39,199 migration and naturalization were 115 00:04:39,199 --> 00:04:40,400 questions that were generally in the 116 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:42,240 hands of states rather than the federal 117 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:43,840 government 118 00:04:43,840 --> 00:04:45,520 in the late 19th century. This starts 119 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:48,080 shifting towards the federal government 120 00:04:48,080 --> 00:04:50,000 and the Supreme Court begins to 121 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:52,080 establish congressional power over 122 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:54,560 immigration initially as a result of 123 00:04:54,560 --> 00:04:57,199 exercising national sovereignty striking 124 00:04:57,199 --> 00:04:59,759 down state laws that sought to regulate 125 00:04:59,759 --> 00:05:01,680 their own borders. 126 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:04,080 After 1882, in particular, U.S. courts 127 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:05,680 often argued that regulation of 128 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:07,280 immigration was an extension of 129 00:05:07,280 --> 00:05:09,440 congressional authority over the conduct 130 00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:11,360 of foreign affairs, the declaration of 131 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:13,840 war and treaty making. In other words, 132 00:05:13,840 --> 00:05:15,440 sometimes it's seen as commerce, 133 00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:18,240 sometimes it's seen as foreign policy, 134 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:20,560 but broadly speaking it becomes in the 135 00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:22,320 hands of the federal government after 136 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:25,039 the late 19th century. 137 00:05:25,039 --> 00:05:28,080 So what kind of foundations, for these 138 00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:30,160 policies existed 139 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:32,960 in the early decades of the United 140 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:34,800 States and how is race incorporated into 141 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:37,520 those laws. Well, the first and and in 142 00:05:37,520 --> 00:05:39,440 many ways extraordinarily important way 143 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:41,120 that race gets incorporated into this 144 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:43,440 history is through the Naturalization 145 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:46,720 Act of 1790 which established a uniform 146 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:48,720 law of naturalization 147 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:50,960 and it defined that 148 00:05:50,960 --> 00:05:54,080 any alien being a free white person who 149 00:05:54,080 --> 00:05:55,840 shall have resided within the limits and 150 00:05:55,840 --> 00:05:57,360 under the jurisdiction of the United 151 00:05:57,360 --> 00:05:59,840 States for a term of two years, may be 152 00:05:59,840 --> 00:06:02,319 admitted to become a citizen. 153 00:06:02,319 --> 00:06:05,440 So thus, you know, this law establishes 154 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:07,520 that in the United States to become a 155 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:08,880 U.S. citizen 156 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:11,600 starting in 1790 you must be a free 157 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:13,600 white person. 158 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:15,520 This will hold and be the policy in the 159 00:06:15,520 --> 00:06:17,039 United States 160 00:06:17,039 --> 00:06:18,319 up until 161 00:06:18,319 --> 00:06:20,560 the 14th Amendment in the aftermath of 162 00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:23,840 the Civil War which established 163 00:06:23,840 --> 00:06:25,600 important foundations for the rights of 164 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:27,919 aliens in the United States and set the 165 00:06:27,919 --> 00:06:29,360 foundation for the expansion of 166 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:32,000 citizenship beyond exclusively free 167 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:33,600 white persons. 168 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:34,800 um... 169 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:37,600 And so the 14th Amendment says quote, "All 170 00:06:37,600 --> 00:06:39,440 persons born or naturalized in the 171 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:40,960 United States and subject to the 172 00:06:40,960 --> 00:06:43,280 jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the 173 00:06:43,280 --> 00:06:45,440 United States and of the states wherein 174 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:47,600 they reside. No state shall make or 175 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:49,599 enforce any law which shall abridge the 176 00:06:49,599 --> 00:06:51,840 privileges or immunities of citizens of 177 00:06:51,840 --> 00:06:54,319 the United States nor shall any state 178 00:06:54,319 --> 00:06:56,720 deprive any person of life, liberty, or 179 00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:59,360 property without due process of law nor 180 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:01,840 deny any person within its jurisdiction 181 00:07:01,840 --> 00:07:03,919 the equal protection, equal protection, of 182 00:07:03,919 --> 00:07:06,560 the laws" so at the end of that 183 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:09,680 section the nor deny any person that 184 00:07:09,680 --> 00:07:11,919 applies to aliens and so this is the 185 00:07:11,919 --> 00:07:15,199 clause that clearly extends rights to 186 00:07:15,199 --> 00:07:16,960 all peoples in the United States 187 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:19,120 regardless of their citizenship status, 188 00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:20,080 um... 189 00:07:20,080 --> 00:07:22,160 and the Congress will further 190 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:26,560 clarify that this amendment will add to 191 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:27,520 um... 192 00:07:27,520 --> 00:07:30,960 the ability of um people to naturalize 193 00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:33,280 to the United States, persons of African 194 00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:35,280 nativity or descent right which Congress 195 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:37,840 clarifies in 1790. 196 00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:38,880 This 197 00:07:38,880 --> 00:07:41,199 amendment to the Constitution also will 198 00:07:41,199 --> 00:07:43,440 provide the foundation for the idea of 199 00:07:43,440 --> 00:07:45,919 birthright citizenship which 200 00:07:45,919 --> 00:07:47,919 was not a principle of how you attained 201 00:07:47,919 --> 00:07:49,919 citizenship in the United States until 202 00:07:49,919 --> 00:07:53,440 1898. So it was not until the 1898 case 203 00:07:53,440 --> 00:07:56,240 U.S versus Wong Kim Ark that established 204 00:07:56,240 --> 00:07:59,120 the idea that if a person of any racial 205 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:01,360 background was born in the United States, 206 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:03,440 they gained citizenship to the United 207 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:04,319 States, 208 00:08:04,319 --> 00:08:06,720 and so it was this case that created the 209 00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:09,360 first Asian-American a man named Wong 210 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,080 Kim Ark, born to Chinese immigrants to 211 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:13,759 the United States who themselves were 212 00:08:13,759 --> 00:08:16,319 barred from citizenship but their son 213 00:08:16,319 --> 00:08:19,120 because of his birth in the U.S. was a 214 00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:21,199 citizen of the United States 215 00:08:21,199 --> 00:08:23,199 and this principle of course will extend 216 00:08:23,199 --> 00:08:25,919 citizenship to a wide array of people 217 00:08:25,919 --> 00:08:28,160 born in the United States, whose parents 218 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:30,319 are often barred from citizenship in the 219 00:08:30,319 --> 00:08:31,680 first half of the 20th century 220 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:33,279 especially but certainly extending 221 00:08:33,279 --> 00:08:35,838 beyond that. 222 00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:38,080 So this brings me to the first kind of 223 00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:42,399 historical era that i'd like to examine 224 00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:46,240 the 225 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:49,279 era of chinese exclusion specifically 226 00:08:49,279 --> 00:08:50,959 sorry the area of asian exclusion but 227 00:08:50,959 --> 00:08:52,880 beginning with specifically chinese 228 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:56,560 exclusion so in the late 19th century 229 00:08:56,560 --> 00:08:57,360 a 230 00:08:57,360 --> 00:08:59,920 small but substantial number of chinese 231 00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:01,120 immigrants 232 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:03,839 worked as laborers of the United States. 233 00:09:03,839 --> 00:09:05,040 In particular, they worked in the 234 00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:08,720 railroad industry so by 1867-90 of 235 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:11,040 laborers on the Central Pacific Railroad 236 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:12,320 were Chinese 237 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:14,080 but when the Pacific Railroad was 238 00:09:14,080 --> 00:09:17,120 completed in 1869, many 239 00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:18,640 were put out of work and they sought 240 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:20,000 work elsewhere 241 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:22,399 and those so this had Chinese laborers 242 00:09:22,399 --> 00:09:24,399 seeking work in other parts of 243 00:09:24,399 --> 00:09:26,240 especially the west coast of the United 244 00:09:26,240 --> 00:09:27,440 States. 245 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:29,360 Notably they remained a very small 246 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:30,880 portion of immigrants to the United 247 00:09:30,880 --> 00:09:33,440 States but they were very visible 248 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:36,399 to other American laborers and in the 249 00:09:36,399 --> 00:09:38,160 environment of political instability 250 00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:40,399 that emerges in the late 19th century. 251 00:09:40,399 --> 00:09:41,519 Many 252 00:09:41,519 --> 00:09:44,399 laborers will worry about the idea that 253 00:09:44,399 --> 00:09:47,839 they are now competing for jobs to work 254 00:09:47,839 --> 00:09:50,800 with these Chinese laborers who are also 255 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:52,560 seeking work in different parts of the 256 00:09:52,560 --> 00:09:56,239 US economy on the west coast 257 00:09:56,560 --> 00:10:00,000 this results in a sustained campaign 258 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:02,399 especially by California union leaders 259 00:10:02,399 --> 00:10:03,839 many of whom were Irish and German 260 00:10:03,839 --> 00:10:05,680 immigrants themselves to promote 261 00:10:05,680 --> 00:10:07,920 anti-Chinese laws right under this 262 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:09,519 framework of 263 00:10:09,519 --> 00:10:12,320 that rested upon significantly racist 264 00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:14,240 assumptions about Chinese laborers that 265 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:16,240 they would work for less than white 266 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:17,760 workers, 267 00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:20,079 and that somehow they were 268 00:10:20,079 --> 00:10:23,600 lowering the dignity of work that 269 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:26,240 the Irish and German what other kind of 270 00:10:26,240 --> 00:10:28,480 native born workers in the United States 271 00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:29,680 sought 272 00:10:29,680 --> 00:10:31,920 and initially they pursue laws that 273 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:33,920 regulate immigration at the state level 274 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:35,519 in the state of California 275 00:10:35,519 --> 00:10:37,040 and this is where the federal government 276 00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:38,240 starts to say, 277 00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:40,480 "no, we actually regulate immigration at 278 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:42,320 the federal level." 279 00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:44,560 So west coasters 280 00:10:44,560 --> 00:10:46,800 will put pressure on the federal 281 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:49,600 government to pass Chinese exclusion to 282 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:51,440 create federal level immigration 283 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:53,760 restrictions and this results in the 284 00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:56,480 first blanket restriction upon 285 00:10:56,480 --> 00:10:58,880 immigration based upon race which is 286 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:02,000 the 1882 Chinese exclusion act 287 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:03,839 which will suspend all immigration of 288 00:11:03,839 --> 00:11:06,160 Chinese laborers skilled or unskilled 289 00:11:06,160 --> 00:11:08,800 for 10 years and it can be renewed and 290 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:11,279 it will be renewed twice and then become 291 00:11:11,279 --> 00:11:12,839 permanent law in 292 00:11:12,839 --> 00:11:15,200 1902, so this law 293 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:16,240 renders 294 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:19,440 being Chinese in the United States 295 00:11:19,440 --> 00:11:22,320 in very fragile status because either 296 00:11:22,320 --> 00:11:24,240 you came to the United States prior to 297 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:26,000 1882 298 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:28,560 and you have to be able to document that 299 00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:31,279 right or you are part of a very small 300 00:11:31,279 --> 00:11:33,519 class of diplomats and merchants that 301 00:11:33,519 --> 00:11:35,360 could come to the United States 302 00:11:35,360 --> 00:11:37,120 after 1882 303 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:39,519 but all Chinese right? Merely by 304 00:11:39,519 --> 00:11:41,279 appearing Chinese are subject to a 305 00:11:41,279 --> 00:11:44,160 certain level of scrutiny amongst 306 00:11:44,160 --> 00:11:46,560 the U.S. public 307 00:11:46,560 --> 00:11:49,279 and this creates an environment of 308 00:11:49,279 --> 00:11:51,519 intensive anti-Chinese sentiment, 309 00:11:51,519 --> 00:11:53,760 significant racial violence against 310 00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:55,760 Chinese workers that are in the United 311 00:11:55,760 --> 00:11:57,680 States 312 00:11:57,680 --> 00:12:00,320 and as I mentioned this created the 313 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:01,600 first 314 00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:04,399 paper documentation so these are the 315 00:12:04,399 --> 00:12:06,399 first photographic paper documentation. I 316 00:12:06,399 --> 00:12:09,200 should say of 317 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:11,120 that's created as a formal document by 318 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:13,040 the U.S. government and so this document 319 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:16,560 happens to be the one of a famous early 320 00:12:16,560 --> 00:12:18,560 Hollywood actress, 321 00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:20,959 a woman named Anna Mae Wong, but all 322 00:12:20,959 --> 00:12:23,519 people of Chinese descent and only 323 00:12:23,519 --> 00:12:25,600 people of Chinese descent, initially were 324 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:27,200 required to register with the government 325 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:28,800 and carry this photographic 326 00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:30,160 identification 327 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:33,120 to essentially prove and establish that 328 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:34,880 they were one of the very limited 329 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:37,600 categories of Chinese that could live 330 00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:39,920 and work in the United States sfter the 331 00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:43,360 1882 Exclusion Act. 332 00:12:43,440 --> 00:12:45,920 Of course, many U.S. employers had 333 00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:48,079 recruited and 334 00:12:48,079 --> 00:12:49,839 found it in their benefit to try to 335 00:12:49,839 --> 00:12:50,720 bring 336 00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:54,399 laborers from Asia to the United States 337 00:12:54,399 --> 00:12:57,279 and after Chinese exclusion many U.S. 338 00:12:57,279 --> 00:12:58,959 companies especially on the west coast 339 00:12:58,959 --> 00:13:02,079 will continue to pursue Asian labor. 340 00:13:02,079 --> 00:13:02,800 So 341 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:05,200 after Chinese exclusion there's a rise 342 00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:07,600 in Japanese immigration especially as 343 00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:10,399 laborers to the United States and 344 00:13:10,399 --> 00:13:12,959 southeast Asian immigration as laborers 345 00:13:12,959 --> 00:13:15,040 to the United States. This particular 346 00:13:15,040 --> 00:13:16,720 image 347 00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:18,000 is one that 348 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:19,680 recalls themes that we will see 349 00:13:19,680 --> 00:13:21,920 recurring throughout our discussion 350 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:25,120 today of this idea of invasion and 351 00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:27,760 concern about a particular immigrant 352 00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:30,639 group entering the United States in a 353 00:13:30,639 --> 00:13:32,160 hostile way 354 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:35,839 um but within the framework of 355 00:13:35,839 --> 00:13:38,000 that begins to build into a broader 356 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:39,920 Asian exclusion era. 357 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:45,120 In 1907, the United States will 358 00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:47,519 negotiate an informal exclusion of 359 00:13:47,519 --> 00:13:49,279 Japanese laborers from the United States 360 00:13:49,279 --> 00:13:50,560 through something called the Gentleman's 361 00:13:50,560 --> 00:13:54,000 Agreement and then, in 1917, the United 362 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:55,199 States will 363 00:13:55,199 --> 00:13:57,519 pursue full in 364 00:13:57,519 --> 00:13:59,360 full exclusion of what is called the 365 00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:01,360 Asian barred zone 366 00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:02,800 which includes 367 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:05,199 all of southeast Asia 368 00:14:05,199 --> 00:14:07,120 and this results in 369 00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:10,240 a very fragile status now for a broad 370 00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:12,240 swath of Asian immigrants to the United 371 00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:14,480 States with the assumption being 372 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:16,800 generally that it is not legal for them 373 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,360 to be here and if it if they are here 374 00:14:19,360 --> 00:14:22,079 they had to have come before these kind 375 00:14:22,079 --> 00:14:24,560 of really rigid limitations on their 376 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:25,519 work 377 00:14:25,519 --> 00:14:26,480 um 378 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:28,480 and they face an enormous amount of 379 00:14:28,480 --> 00:14:30,079 racial hostility, so there are 380 00:14:30,079 --> 00:14:31,920 significant incidents of mob violence 381 00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:34,320 against Asian communities. A particularly 382 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:36,480 well-known case is 383 00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:38,639 took place in Bellingham, Washington in 384 00:14:38,639 --> 00:14:41,600 1907, when several hundred southeast 385 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:43,360 Asians were driven out of the town, many 386 00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:45,040 of whom fled to Canada, 387 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:47,440 but this was one of many such incidents 388 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:50,000 sparked by this sense that Asian 389 00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:52,399 immigrants did not have 390 00:14:52,399 --> 00:14:54,880 a right to live and work in the United 391 00:14:54,880 --> 00:14:56,480 States and that they were a threat to 392 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:58,959 U.S. labor. 393 00:14:58,959 --> 00:15:00,880 This perception of threat 394 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:03,920 is in context with a very large wave of 395 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:06,480 migration to the United States so there 396 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:08,959 is you know a an enormous number of 397 00:15:08,959 --> 00:15:11,360 immigrants that enter the United States 398 00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:15,440 from the 1880s through essentially 1924. 399 00:15:15,440 --> 00:15:17,120 These immigrants are coming from all 400 00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:19,839 parts of the globe but especially 401 00:15:19,839 --> 00:15:21,519 notable for many 402 00:15:21,519 --> 00:15:23,519 Americans. 403 00:15:23,519 --> 00:15:25,519 They are tending to come towards south 404 00:15:25,519 --> 00:15:28,639 south and eastern Europe. In other words, 405 00:15:28,639 --> 00:15:31,360 many Catholics, many Jews are immigrating 406 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:33,839 to the United Satates and so this is 407 00:15:33,839 --> 00:15:36,399 simply to note that 408 00:15:36,399 --> 00:15:38,399 hostility to immigration, 409 00:15:38,399 --> 00:15:41,040 fear of immigration was not exclusive to 410 00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:43,680 Asian immigrants. However, what becomes 411 00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:46,000 distinct in this era of broad 412 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,320 anti-immigrant sentiment is the ways in 413 00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:50,800 which Asian immigration becomes 414 00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:53,199 categorically excluded right other 415 00:15:53,199 --> 00:15:55,040 groups of immigrants will be reduced 416 00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:57,279 will be restricted but Asian immigrants, 417 00:15:57,279 --> 00:15:59,519 immigration is perceived to be 418 00:15:59,519 --> 00:16:02,639 um entirely incompatible with people 419 00:16:02,639 --> 00:16:06,000 that can become true Americans and apart 420 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:07,519 from those who attain citizenship 421 00:16:07,519 --> 00:16:09,680 through birthright status 422 00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:11,759 citizenship is essentially barred based 423 00:16:11,759 --> 00:16:13,519 on race. Right? You 424 00:16:13,519 --> 00:16:15,519 coming out of the 14th amendment kind of 425 00:16:15,519 --> 00:16:18,560 addendum. You can gain U.S. citizenship as 426 00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:21,360 an immigrant only if you are white 427 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:23,519 legally granted by a U.S. court which is 428 00:16:23,519 --> 00:16:26,240 its own fuzzy kind of category, or if you 429 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:29,120 are black, there are no provisions for 430 00:16:29,120 --> 00:16:31,600 Asians to gain citizenship in the United 431 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,000 States during this era, again unless you 432 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:35,920 happen to be born in the U.S. and gain it 433 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:39,120 as birth rate citizenship. 434 00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:43,440 And so one of the really kind of 435 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:45,519 sweeping ways that the united states 436 00:16:45,519 --> 00:16:48,079 will fully close the door to 437 00:16:48,079 --> 00:16:51,199 legal immigration from Asia and codify 438 00:16:51,199 --> 00:16:54,320 into U.S. law this idea that people from 439 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:55,839 a certain race and from a certain 440 00:16:55,839 --> 00:16:57,040 geography 441 00:16:57,040 --> 00:16:58,079 um 442 00:16:58,079 --> 00:17:00,480 simply cannot be Americans, right, is 443 00:17:00,480 --> 00:17:03,360 through the Immigration Act of 1917 and 444 00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:05,520 then even further narrowed through the 445 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:07,919 Immigration Act of 1924. 446 00:17:07,919 --> 00:17:10,480 The Immigration Act of 1917 447 00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:13,679 created this idea that the 448 00:17:13,679 --> 00:17:15,760 the way the U.S. population was changing 449 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:18,319 was undesirable and the U.S. should 450 00:17:18,319 --> 00:17:20,880 attempt to restore its demographic 451 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:24,079 balance to where it was in 1910 452 00:17:24,079 --> 00:17:27,359 and so they set immigration kind of 453 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:30,400 quotas at the 1910 population numbers 454 00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:32,400 and they create the Asian Barred Zone, 455 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:33,919 right, that there will simply be no 456 00:17:33,919 --> 00:17:36,080 immigrants permitted east of the 457 00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:39,039 caucasus mountains in Asia, except for 458 00:17:39,039 --> 00:17:40,880 Japan which is regulated by the 459 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:42,480 gentleman's agreement. Really minimal 460 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:44,559 numbers of immigrants coming from Japan 461 00:17:44,559 --> 00:17:46,320 and the Philippines which is a colony 462 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:49,120 of the United States at the time 463 00:17:49,120 --> 00:17:51,039 this will be further restricted in the 464 00:17:51,039 --> 00:17:54,480 1924 Immigration Act that says actually 465 00:17:54,480 --> 00:17:56,400 the 1910 demographic numbers in the 466 00:17:56,400 --> 00:17:59,360 United States were two multicultural 467 00:17:59,360 --> 00:18:01,679 multi-ethnic for our tastes. 468 00:18:01,679 --> 00:18:03,200 We'd actually like to go back to the 469 00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:05,919 1890 population of the United States so 470 00:18:05,919 --> 00:18:07,679 those are the demographics that we're 471 00:18:07,679 --> 00:18:09,760 going to use to guide our immigration 472 00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:11,840 policy going forward 473 00:18:11,840 --> 00:18:14,960 and they also decide that 474 00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:15,760 the 475 00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:17,440 separate negotiation of the Japanese 476 00:18:17,440 --> 00:18:19,120 government is insufficient. They want to 477 00:18:19,120 --> 00:18:21,600 include Japan in the fully barred 478 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,320 zone so no immigration from anywhere in 479 00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:26,720 east Asia except for the Philippines, 480 00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:28,320 again exclusively because they're a 481 00:18:28,320 --> 00:18:30,720 colony of the United States. 482 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:31,520 um... 483 00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:33,360 And this will importantly not put 484 00:18:33,360 --> 00:18:34,720 restrictions on Latin American 485 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:37,039 immigration, right? So there there is some 486 00:18:37,039 --> 00:18:38,720 interest in 487 00:18:38,720 --> 00:18:40,160 making it a bit more difficult to 488 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:41,600 immigrate to the United States from 489 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:44,240 Latin America by requiring new visas 490 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:46,000 increasing head taxes, 491 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,240 expanding border patrol but there is not 492 00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:51,200 a quota system at all placed on Latin 493 00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:53,200 American immigration 494 00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:55,679 and the image here to clarify, you know. 495 00:18:55,679 --> 00:18:58,160 Just the way that it was very at the 496 00:18:58,160 --> 00:19:00,960 forefront to discuss racial composition 497 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:02,880 of the United States and immigration as 498 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:06,240 a tool to reorient that. 499 00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:09,039 You have this New York Times headline 500 00:19:09,039 --> 00:19:12,000 from April 27, 1924 501 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:14,000 announcing America of the melting pot 502 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:16,160 comes to an end effects of new 503 00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:18,080 immigration legislation described by 504 00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:19,760 Senate sponsor of the bill 505 00:19:19,760 --> 00:19:23,280 he says quote "that the chief aim, chief 506 00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:26,000 aim, is to preserve the racial type as it 507 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:27,679 exists here today" 508 00:19:27,679 --> 00:19:29,679 and nonetheless as you can see from the 509 00:19:29,679 --> 00:19:31,039 numbers it wasn't that he wanted to 510 00:19:31,039 --> 00:19:33,039 preserve the racial type as it existed 511 00:19:33,039 --> 00:19:35,200 in the United States of 1924, there was 512 00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:37,120 an attempt here to return the united 513 00:19:37,120 --> 00:19:42,000 states to the racial type of 1890. 514 00:19:44,799 --> 00:19:48,720 So this regime of Asian exclusion 515 00:19:48,720 --> 00:19:49,919 is 516 00:19:49,919 --> 00:19:52,000 durable but there are many opponents of 517 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:53,120 it 518 00:19:53,120 --> 00:19:54,720 mostly from 519 00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:56,960 communities that see the United States 520 00:19:56,960 --> 00:19:58,720 as needing to establish diplomatic 521 00:19:58,720 --> 00:20:02,720 relations with far Asia, far east Asia, 522 00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:04,240 and so 523 00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:05,039 in 524 00:20:05,039 --> 00:20:07,520 it's I think very interesting the ways 525 00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:09,760 that this regime of Asian exclusion 526 00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:13,039 starts to fall so the first is 527 00:20:13,039 --> 00:20:13,840 um 528 00:20:13,840 --> 00:20:14,640 in 529 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:16,960 the middle of World War II, China is an 530 00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:19,039 ally of the United States, Japan is, of 531 00:20:19,039 --> 00:20:21,840 course, a foe of the United States and 532 00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:25,440 Japan uses U.S. immigration policy and 533 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:27,280 Asian exclusion against the United 534 00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:29,200 States in its propaganda. So this is a 535 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:31,039 Japanese cartoon 536 00:20:31,039 --> 00:20:34,400 translated that describes how 537 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,559 the United States has an open door to 538 00:20:36,559 --> 00:20:38,960 east Asia, right, so Americans think that 539 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:40,960 they can go into east Asia 540 00:20:40,960 --> 00:20:43,600 but a closed door for Chinese that wish 541 00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:45,760 to immigrate to the United States with 542 00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:48,000 the, you know, commentary American 543 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:49,760 immigration policy is subtle in its 544 00:20:49,760 --> 00:20:51,679 hypocrisy. Certainly an understated 545 00:20:51,679 --> 00:20:52,799 comment 546 00:20:52,799 --> 00:20:54,000 um... 547 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,799 but this is recognized by the Roosevelt 548 00:20:56,799 --> 00:20:59,360 Administration as a problem that it 549 00:20:59,360 --> 00:21:00,480 does not 550 00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:03,120 look good for the United States to 551 00:21:03,120 --> 00:21:04,240 um... 552 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:06,240 take a completely exclusionary view 553 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:08,720 towards its political allies and wartime 554 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:11,520 allies um and so 555 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:14,880 the U.S. will, in 1943, pass the 556 00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:17,360 Magnuson Act which symbolically lifts 557 00:21:17,360 --> 00:21:20,000 Chinese exclusion. It creates a small but 558 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:23,280 nonetheless notable quota of 105 Chinese 559 00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:26,559 visas so 105 Chinese 560 00:21:26,559 --> 00:21:27,919 immigrants can legally come to the 561 00:21:27,919 --> 00:21:30,400 United States and significantly it 562 00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:32,080 permits Chinese immigrants to become 563 00:21:32,080 --> 00:21:33,360 citizens 564 00:21:33,360 --> 00:21:36,320 so they can naturalize after the 1943 565 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:37,919 Magnuson Act, 566 00:21:37,919 --> 00:21:41,280 1952, in the environment of the Cold War, 567 00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:43,679 the United States will also see it as 568 00:21:43,679 --> 00:21:44,400 being 569 00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:46,880 in the U.S. interest to 570 00:21:46,880 --> 00:21:49,520 try to scale back some of the 571 00:21:49,520 --> 00:21:52,240 restrictions placed on Asian immigration 572 00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:54,480 for the rest of those who have been 573 00:21:54,480 --> 00:21:55,520 excluded 574 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:56,480 and so 575 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:58,559 it will grant 576 00:21:58,559 --> 00:22:01,039 immigration quotas of 100, each to the 577 00:22:01,039 --> 00:22:04,080 remaining countries, but it will cap the 578 00:22:04,080 --> 00:22:07,440 quote-unquote "Asiatic bar zone at 2,000 579 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:09,520 immigrants total" right. So 580 00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:11,039 these are symbolic moves, they're 581 00:22:11,039 --> 00:22:12,720 certainly significant and they're most 582 00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:14,559 significant in their granting of 583 00:22:14,559 --> 00:22:16,720 citizenship or the potential granting of 584 00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:19,280 citizenship for people of various Asian 585 00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:21,120 backgrounds, 586 00:22:21,120 --> 00:22:22,880 but they're not creating substantial 587 00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:24,880 change in U.S. immigration policy, there's 588 00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:26,720 not a significant number of immigrants 589 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:28,720 from far east Asia that will come in 590 00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:30,000 southeast A,sia that will come to the 591 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:34,080 United States, as a result of these acts 592 00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:37,840 that will have to wait until 593 00:22:37,840 --> 00:22:40,640 the next era, right, in which 594 00:22:40,640 --> 00:22:43,039 in the environment of the conversation 595 00:22:43,039 --> 00:22:45,120 about civil rights. 596 00:22:45,120 --> 00:22:47,919 Many Americans start wanting to put 597 00:22:47,919 --> 00:22:50,080 closer to the forefront. What it means 598 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:52,080 for the United States to 599 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:54,240 put such substantial limitations on 600 00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:55,919 immigration from huge swathes of the 601 00:22:55,919 --> 00:22:58,960 world, right, this idea that 602 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:01,280 immigration and the 603 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:03,679 numerical quotas assigned to different 604 00:23:03,679 --> 00:23:04,880 nations. 605 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:06,799 Really high quotas assigned to nations 606 00:23:06,799 --> 00:23:10,000 like Germany, the UK, Ireland extremely 607 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:13,039 small quotas assigned to obviously 608 00:23:13,039 --> 00:23:15,360 Asian countries. The entire continent of 609 00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:17,520 Africa is capped at 2,000. 610 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:20,000 Really these are signifying an idea 611 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:22,880 about who can be an American 612 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:23,760 and 613 00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:26,080 one of the forefront advocates of 614 00:23:26,080 --> 00:23:28,480 transforming U.S. immigration policy and 615 00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:30,640 abolishing the quota system is John F. 616 00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:33,039 Kennedy and he 617 00:23:33,039 --> 00:23:35,039 will notably take up this issue as a 618 00:23:35,039 --> 00:23:38,000 senator and he maintains his 619 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:40,000 advocacy on this front as a candidate 620 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:42,720 for president in going into the 1960 621 00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:43,919 election 622 00:23:43,919 --> 00:23:46,400 but he wrote as a senator 623 00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:48,400 quote, "the national origins quota system 624 00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:50,159 permits immigration to this country by 625 00:23:50,159 --> 00:23:52,320 those who do not wish to do so," while it 626 00:23:52,320 --> 00:23:54,400 denies that, right, to those who have both 627 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:56,799 the need and the desire the system is in 628 00:23:56,799 --> 00:23:58,480 direct conflict with the Declaration of 629 00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:00,240 Independence the principles set forth in 630 00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:02,240 the Constitution of the United States 631 00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:04,640 and our traditional standards of decency 632 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:06,400 and justice 633 00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:08,559 in 1958, you know, 634 00:24:08,559 --> 00:24:10,320 certainly he was contemplating his run 635 00:24:10,320 --> 00:24:12,480 for president at that point, he writes a 636 00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:14,240 book, "A Nation of Immigrants," right, 637 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:15,520 emphasizing 638 00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:16,799 um 639 00:24:16,799 --> 00:24:18,400 certainly his own immigrant heritage but 640 00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:20,720 also putting forward a proposal of how 641 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:23,520 to reshape and reorient U.S. immigration 642 00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:25,520 policy um... 643 00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:27,840 and then, as president, he will put forth 644 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:30,640 an immigration bill in 1963 the summer 645 00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:32,400 before he's assassinated 646 00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:33,840 but 647 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,080 it's not popular and it's not picked up 648 00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:38,960 on by Congress. It sort of just sits and 649 00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:41,919 stagnates and will have to wait until 650 00:24:41,919 --> 00:24:44,799 his assassination in order for it to get 651 00:24:44,799 --> 00:24:47,520 picked up and rejuvenated 652 00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:49,679 and it will become the foundation of the 653 00:24:49,679 --> 00:24:51,919 conversation that leads to the 1965 654 00:24:51,919 --> 00:24:54,559 Immigration Act 655 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:56,320 and so 656 00:24:56,320 --> 00:24:59,039 as this conversation emerges after JFK's 657 00:24:59,039 --> 00:25:01,360 assassination, 658 00:25:01,360 --> 00:25:04,400 supporters of immigration reform, will 659 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:06,799 make their case that immigration that 660 00:25:06,799 --> 00:25:09,120 the quota system needs to be eliminated, 661 00:25:09,120 --> 00:25:11,120 that U.S. immigration law needs to be 662 00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:13,520 reformed using both the language of 663 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:15,760 civil rights of the era and the language 664 00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:18,480 of the Cold War. So here you have 665 00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:20,320 some posters 666 00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:22,000 at a meeting of the American Committee 667 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,960 on Italian Migration from 1963 668 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:26,400 where they argue 669 00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:28,559 consistency in foreign relations demands 670 00:25:28,559 --> 00:25:30,799 a non-discriminatory U.S. immigration law, 671 00:25:30,799 --> 00:25:32,799 so they perceive U.S. immigration 672 00:25:32,799 --> 00:25:35,360 law to be discriminatory 673 00:25:35,360 --> 00:25:37,200 and at the bottom of their other 674 00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:38,320 poster, 675 00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:40,640 right? They note that quote all men are 676 00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:43,039 created equal right so this 677 00:25:43,039 --> 00:25:44,880 calling back to U.S. foundational 678 00:25:44,880 --> 00:25:47,200 documents as a way of 679 00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:49,760 um defining that U.S. immigration policy 680 00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:51,679 seems out of step with who they think 681 00:25:51,679 --> 00:25:53,440 the United States should be, how it 682 00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:55,279 should operate in the world. By the time 683 00:25:55,279 --> 00:25:58,720 we've gotten to the mid 60s, 684 00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:00,480 they'll also talk about the need to 685 00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:02,960 counteract Soviet propaganda. So just as 686 00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:05,120 the Japanese had used 687 00:26:05,120 --> 00:26:07,279 propaganda during World War II, 688 00:26:07,279 --> 00:26:09,279 in order to say look, why on earth would 689 00:26:09,279 --> 00:26:11,360 the Chinese have this you know solid 690 00:26:11,360 --> 00:26:13,520 relationship with the United States, 691 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:15,120 if the United States won't even permit 692 00:26:15,120 --> 00:26:16,960 Chinese people to immigrate and become 693 00:26:16,960 --> 00:26:18,559 citizens? What does that say about how 694 00:26:18,559 --> 00:26:21,600 they view Chinese people? Well, Soviets 695 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:23,760 will take a similar attack and they 696 00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:26,720 will make arguments which becomes 697 00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:28,640 increasingly important after 698 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:30,960 decolonization and many independent 699 00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:33,360 nations emerge out of the colonial 700 00:26:33,360 --> 00:26:35,360 empires of Europe 701 00:26:35,360 --> 00:26:38,159 in the 1950s and 60s and these are 702 00:26:38,159 --> 00:26:41,679 nations that have very small quotas um 703 00:26:41,679 --> 00:26:42,799 and 704 00:26:42,799 --> 00:26:45,039 in the Cold War fight one of the 705 00:26:45,039 --> 00:26:46,480 prominent narratives that the Soviets 706 00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:49,440 will use is that the United States is a 707 00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:51,039 nation with enormous problems with 708 00:26:51,039 --> 00:26:53,840 racism and a dim view of a significant 709 00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:55,760 portion of the globe. 710 00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:58,320 And so these immigration policies 711 00:26:58,320 --> 00:27:00,559 the way they're oriented according to 712 00:27:00,559 --> 00:27:02,240 race and geography 713 00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,640 are not doing any favors to U.S. 714 00:27:04,640 --> 00:27:06,960 foreign policymakers 715 00:27:06,960 --> 00:27:09,440 and yet domestically 716 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:12,159 liberalizing U.S. immigration policies 717 00:27:12,159 --> 00:27:13,600 abolishing the quota system is not 718 00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:14,640 popular 719 00:27:14,640 --> 00:27:15,919 and so 720 00:27:15,919 --> 00:27:18,080 allies of the president, even one of the 721 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:21,039 co-signers of the or co-founders of the 722 00:27:21,039 --> 00:27:24,000 1965 Immigration Bill, Edward Celler 723 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:24,880 will 724 00:27:24,880 --> 00:27:27,200 constantly try to emphasize that this 725 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,000 bill presents quote no danger whatsoever 726 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,080 of an influx from countries of Asia and 727 00:27:32,080 --> 00:27:34,720 Africa, right, so that seems to be a 728 00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:37,279 prominent anxiety and something that 729 00:27:37,279 --> 00:27:40,080 supporters of immigration reform want to 730 00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:42,080 undercut right that this is not going to 731 00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:47,639 demographically remake the United States. 732 00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:50,399 Of course, that is exactly what the 733 00:27:50,399 --> 00:27:52,559 opponents are are sort of 734 00:27:52,559 --> 00:27:54,799 honing in on 735 00:27:54,799 --> 00:27:56,080 and so 736 00:27:56,080 --> 00:27:58,480 after Kennedy's assassination, 737 00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:00,480 Lyndon B. Johnson, his successor will 738 00:28:00,480 --> 00:28:02,880 embrace immigration reform as a key part 739 00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:04,880 of the kennedy agenda and he wants to 740 00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:06,240 push through 741 00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:08,159 and he will 742 00:28:08,159 --> 00:28:10,880 put forward a bill that will result in 743 00:28:10,880 --> 00:28:14,080 heated debate around specific questions 744 00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:15,760 about the number of immigrants to be 745 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:16,799 admitted 746 00:28:16,799 --> 00:28:18,559 and if there should be additional 747 00:28:18,559 --> 00:28:21,600 restrictions on the western hemisphere 748 00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:23,279 these are 749 00:28:23,279 --> 00:28:25,360 debates that will 750 00:28:25,360 --> 00:28:27,919 really define in many ways 751 00:28:27,919 --> 00:28:29,600 not only the bill itself, but also how 752 00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:31,279 the bill and its transformations in the 753 00:28:31,279 --> 00:28:34,000 United States will be remembered and 754 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,840 either supported or opposed 755 00:28:37,840 --> 00:28:40,240 but it's notable that 756 00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:41,039 the 757 00:28:41,039 --> 00:28:43,039 some of the opposition. 758 00:28:43,039 --> 00:28:44,399 If you look to 759 00:28:44,399 --> 00:28:47,520 the excerpt from the 1964 pamphlet, 760 00:28:47,520 --> 00:28:49,600 our immigration laws protect you your 761 00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:51,600 job and your freedom by the American 762 00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:53,919 Committee on Immigration Policies. 763 00:28:53,919 --> 00:28:56,799 They basically embraced some of the 764 00:28:56,799 --> 00:28:59,440 narratives that 765 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:01,520 have were part of earlier discussions 766 00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:03,679 about immigration emphasizing threat to 767 00:29:03,679 --> 00:29:04,799 jobs 768 00:29:04,799 --> 00:29:05,600 um 769 00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,880 and they also emphasized this idea of 770 00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:10,559 the racial composition of the United 771 00:29:10,559 --> 00:29:11,679 States 772 00:29:11,679 --> 00:29:14,559 so the last point here is they note that 773 00:29:14,559 --> 00:29:16,399 in their view this will radically change 774 00:29:16,399 --> 00:29:18,240 the nature of overall immigration to the 775 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:20,640 United States. There will be for the fur, 776 00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:22,480 sorry fewer northern and western 777 00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:25,039 Europeans and vastly increased numbers 778 00:29:25,039 --> 00:29:27,679 from Asia and Africa 779 00:29:27,679 --> 00:29:30,080 and so 780 00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:30,880 in 781 00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:32,399 Congress, 782 00:29:32,399 --> 00:29:33,679 these are the points that are being 783 00:29:33,679 --> 00:29:35,360 heavily debated. 784 00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:37,440 It becomes clear to 785 00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:38,720 the Chairman of the House of the 786 00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:40,399 Immigration Subcommittee a 787 00:29:40,399 --> 00:29:42,720 representative named Michael Feighan who 788 00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:44,559 was a Democrat from Ohio so he's a 789 00:29:44,559 --> 00:29:46,559 member of the president's party 790 00:29:46,559 --> 00:29:47,600 that 791 00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:50,480 this civil rights era and the way 792 00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:52,480 that this bill has become associated 793 00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:54,799 with the assassinated President John F. 794 00:29:54,799 --> 00:29:55,760 Kennedy. 795 00:29:55,760 --> 00:29:56,640 um... 796 00:29:56,640 --> 00:29:58,880 It means that there has to be something 797 00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:01,679 passed right there is somehow the U.S. 798 00:30:01,679 --> 00:30:04,320 immigration quota system has to be 799 00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:06,320 abolished and transformed 800 00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:09,520 and so he decides to instead of firmly 801 00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:11,919 opposing the bill 802 00:30:11,919 --> 00:30:14,480 to attempt to guide it towards something 803 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:17,279 that will be more palatable to people 804 00:30:17,279 --> 00:30:20,080 who want to preserve some type of quotas 805 00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:22,320 so he'll wrangle two really important 806 00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:24,000 concessions from the administration that 807 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:26,320 will make it into the final bill. 808 00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:29,679 So the first is that he insists that not 809 00:30:29,679 --> 00:30:31,520 applying a quota to the western 810 00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:34,240 hemisphere would be discriminating 811 00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:36,480 especially towards our traditional 812 00:30:36,480 --> 00:30:38,399 friends and allies in Europe right so 813 00:30:38,399 --> 00:30:40,960 he's very worried that not applying a 814 00:30:40,960 --> 00:30:43,520 quota to the western hemisphere, 815 00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:45,840 that's somehow discrimination to 816 00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:48,880 Europeans and so in the aim of fairness 817 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:50,559 and you know 818 00:30:50,559 --> 00:30:52,399 using civil rights language of the era 819 00:30:52,399 --> 00:30:55,600 about discrimination justifies applying 820 00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:57,200 that restriction now to the western 821 00:30:57,200 --> 00:30:58,320 hemisphere. 822 00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:00,399 Second, he requires that family 823 00:31:00,399 --> 00:31:02,880 reunification take preference over 824 00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:04,880 employability, right, so 825 00:31:04,880 --> 00:31:06,640 one shift that was built into the bill, 826 00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:08,240 was this idea that we're not going to 827 00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:10,480 limit people by their race and ethnicity, 828 00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:12,799 but we will create priorities for people 829 00:31:12,799 --> 00:31:14,559 with certain skills 830 00:31:14,559 --> 00:31:16,880 especially in the Cold War era. 831 00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:18,399 There's a 832 00:31:18,399 --> 00:31:21,039 sense that people are 833 00:31:21,039 --> 00:31:22,640 looking to both the Soviet Union or to 834 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:24,240 the United States when looking for 835 00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:26,159 places to immigrate to and they want to 836 00:31:26,159 --> 00:31:28,080 prioritize bringing especially the 837 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:30,880 scientists, right, to the United States to 838 00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:32,480 ensure that they will work 839 00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:33,360 for, 840 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:35,840 you know, the U.S. kind of expansion into 841 00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:37,679 space, the U.S. 842 00:31:37,679 --> 00:31:39,760 efforts into 843 00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:42,799 creating new defense technologies, 844 00:31:42,799 --> 00:31:45,840 so they want to initially be 845 00:31:45,840 --> 00:31:47,600 LBJ administration says that should be 846 00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:49,519 the top priority ensuring that we get 847 00:31:49,519 --> 00:31:51,760 sort of the globe's best and brightest. 848 00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:53,840 well instead Feighan says no 849 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:55,600 that sounds like it would result in 850 00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:57,919 people from all over the globe instead 851 00:31:57,919 --> 00:31:59,360 I'd like to emphasize family 852 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:00,799 reunification 853 00:32:00,799 --> 00:32:03,200 so that in his thinking 854 00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:04,080 um... 855 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:06,320 the predominantly white population of 856 00:32:06,320 --> 00:32:08,399 the United States probably has 857 00:32:08,399 --> 00:32:10,080 predominantly white family members 858 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:14,000 abroad and thus this would result in 859 00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:15,600 a subtle way to preserve the 860 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,880 demographics of the United States. 861 00:32:18,880 --> 00:32:20,799 This will in fact turn out to be very 862 00:32:20,799 --> 00:32:23,360 wrong and it will 863 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:25,360 very much 864 00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:28,480 serve to facilitate a lot of 865 00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:29,600 the 866 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:33,279 immigration from Latin America and 867 00:32:33,279 --> 00:32:35,679 both central and far east Asia to the 868 00:32:35,679 --> 00:32:38,159 United States by prioritizing family 869 00:32:38,159 --> 00:32:41,600 reunification over employability but 870 00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:44,640 so his plan backfired his intent to 871 00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:47,600 preserve the demographic kind of 872 00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:49,919 whiteness chiefly of the United States, 873 00:32:49,919 --> 00:32:51,919 in fact, serves as a 874 00:32:51,919 --> 00:32:54,559 prioritization of family whoever it is, 875 00:32:54,559 --> 00:32:56,880 right, there's not a racial boundary put 876 00:32:56,880 --> 00:32:58,799 into that language and so 877 00:32:58,799 --> 00:33:00,960 as more immigrants come from 878 00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:03,440 less white parts of the globe. Well, 879 00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:05,279 they have family in less parts of the 880 00:33:05,279 --> 00:33:07,519 globe and that will facilitate their 881 00:33:07,519 --> 00:33:11,720 immigration to the United States 882 00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:15,600 so at the foot of the Statue of Liberty. 883 00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:17,360 um... 884 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:20,320 Lyndon B. Johnson signs the 1965 885 00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:22,559 Immigration Act explaining that the law 886 00:33:22,559 --> 00:33:25,519 repaired a very deep and painful flaw in 887 00:33:25,519 --> 00:33:28,000 the fabric of American justice and he 888 00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:29,840 argued that the previous quota system 889 00:33:29,840 --> 00:33:31,519 had been based on prejudice and 890 00:33:31,519 --> 00:33:34,159 privilege but now with this new law, 891 00:33:34,159 --> 00:33:35,919 America was recommitting herself to 892 00:33:35,919 --> 00:33:38,399 honoring its immigrant heritage. 893 00:33:38,399 --> 00:33:40,720 Nonetheless, when talking to reporters, he 894 00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:42,320 underplayed the significance of the bill 895 00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:44,480 proclaiming quote, "this bill that we will 896 00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:47,200 sign today is not a revolutionary bill," 897 00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:50,240 right, really trying to undercut 898 00:33:50,240 --> 00:33:53,200 the concern that this is going to 899 00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:56,159 demographically change the United States 900 00:33:56,159 --> 00:33:58,799 and Representative Feighan, Chairman of 901 00:33:58,799 --> 00:34:01,440 the Immigration Committee, shows up he's 902 00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:02,720 pointed out with a little blue arrow 903 00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:03,519 there 904 00:34:03,519 --> 00:34:06,080 along with, of course, in places of 905 00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:08,079 honor, 906 00:34:08,079 --> 00:34:12,000 Ted Kennedy and Robert Kennedy who, of 907 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,320 course, were there because um this had 908 00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:16,480 been a policy that they championed along 909 00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:18,079 with their brother the 910 00:34:18,079 --> 00:34:19,359 president, 911 00:34:19,359 --> 00:34:22,799 the president who had been assassinated 912 00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:26,079 so the final bill, included some very 913 00:34:26,079 --> 00:34:27,520 important language which is that it 914 00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:29,520 prohibited discrimination on the basis 915 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:32,000 of sex, nationality, place of birth, or 916 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:34,320 place of residence, 917 00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:36,159 in the United States, 918 00:34:36,159 --> 00:34:38,719 in U.S. decisions about issuing visas. 919 00:34:38,719 --> 00:34:41,520 Right, and so this will form a canonical 920 00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:44,159 foundation of all U.S. immigration law 921 00:34:44,159 --> 00:34:47,520 going forward has to conform to 922 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:50,320 this prohibition against Democrat 923 00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:53,040 against discrimination on these terms 924 00:34:53,040 --> 00:34:55,280 and it will replace the national origins 925 00:34:55,280 --> 00:34:58,240 quotas with a preference system based on 926 00:34:58,240 --> 00:35:01,040 family reunification first and then 927 00:35:01,040 --> 00:35:03,040 professional skills second 928 00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:05,200 and it will create higher caps than 929 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:07,359 previously existed for immigration to 930 00:35:07,359 --> 00:35:09,839 the United States and so, initially, it 931 00:35:09,839 --> 00:35:13,440 will have 290,000 immigrants per year 932 00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:14,560 permitted, 933 00:35:14,560 --> 00:35:17,680 with it divided by hemisphere so 170,000, 934 00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:20,400 from the eastern hemisphere and 120,000, 935 00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:22,320 from the western hemisphere. 936 00:35:22,320 --> 00:35:24,400 it will include additional caps of 20, 937 00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:27,440 000 immigrants from any given nation 938 00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,320 the hemispheric division um will be seen 939 00:35:30,320 --> 00:35:32,640 as dated and will be removed with a 940 00:35:32,640 --> 00:35:35,920 global 290,000 cap in 1978, but 941 00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:37,839 nonetheless right now the western 942 00:35:37,839 --> 00:35:39,599 hemisphere has a 943 00:35:39,599 --> 00:35:42,560 sort of hard limit on immigration that 944 00:35:42,560 --> 00:35:44,640 can be attained- 945 00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:47,680 legal immigration that can be attained. 946 00:35:47,680 --> 00:35:49,520 There is an important caveat, though, 947 00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:52,000 which is that spouses, minor children, and 948 00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:53,839 parents of U.S. citizens 949 00:35:53,839 --> 00:35:56,240 are exempt from numerical ceilings, right, 950 00:35:56,240 --> 00:35:59,599 so there are immediate family basically 951 00:35:59,599 --> 00:36:02,240 reunifications or unifications 952 00:36:02,240 --> 00:36:04,880 are permitted to exist outside of 953 00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:10,599 the firm caps that are placed here. 954 00:36:13,280 --> 00:36:14,880 So this 955 00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:16,720 law was long considered to be part of 956 00:36:16,720 --> 00:36:18,720 the civil rights movement, you know, a 957 00:36:18,720 --> 00:36:20,800 kind of liberal values 958 00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:25,960 expansion of rights narrative, 959 00:36:26,160 --> 00:36:29,440 expansion of access kind of piece of U.S. 960 00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:32,480 immigration history, in a really 961 00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:34,880 important book, in 2004, sought to revise 962 00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:37,200 that understanding, right, and the 963 00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:39,680 historian Mae M. Ngai in her book Impossible 964 00:36:39,680 --> 00:36:41,440 Subjects argue that the numerical 965 00:36:41,440 --> 00:36:42,640 restriction on immigrants, from the 966 00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:44,240 western hemisphere created the 967 00:36:44,240 --> 00:36:46,560 conditions for the undocumented 968 00:36:46,560 --> 00:36:48,560 immigration crisis that will define 969 00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:50,079 immigration in many ways at the end of 970 00:36:50,079 --> 00:36:52,000 the 20th century 971 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:55,920 and this is very notable because 972 00:36:55,920 --> 00:36:57,839 the United States had relied very 973 00:36:57,839 --> 00:37:00,720 heavily on immigration from especially 974 00:37:00,720 --> 00:37:02,880 Mexico in the 975 00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:04,800 first and middle part of the 20th 976 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:06,079 century, 977 00:37:06,079 --> 00:37:09,040 and up to this point up to the when the 978 00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:11,839 1965 act goes into effect Central and 979 00:37:11,839 --> 00:37:13,520 Latin American immigration had chiefly 980 00:37:13,520 --> 00:37:15,920 been regulated by the demands of the U.S. 981 00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:17,920 labor market and specific head taxes 982 00:37:17,920 --> 00:37:19,359 that were applied 983 00:37:19,359 --> 00:37:21,680 for example, in the middle of World 984 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:24,320 War II, many U.S. policy makers thought 985 00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:26,640 that there was a labor shortage um which 986 00:37:26,640 --> 00:37:28,640 there perhaps was, perhaps wasn't, but 987 00:37:28,640 --> 00:37:30,960 they wanted cheap labor and they looked 988 00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:33,760 to the creation of the Bracero Program 989 00:37:33,760 --> 00:37:34,640 um... 990 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:36,720 which was a temporary work program that 991 00:37:36,720 --> 00:37:38,400 created short-term work contracts 992 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:39,680 negotiated through the Mexican 993 00:37:39,680 --> 00:37:42,320 government in order to bring substantial 994 00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:43,920 numbers of workers into the United 995 00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:45,280 States economy 996 00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:49,280 and so from 1942 to 1964, 4.6 million 997 00:37:49,280 --> 00:37:51,200 Mexicans came to the United States to 998 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:54,079 work on these temporary work program 999 00:37:54,079 --> 00:37:55,839 contracts 1000 00:37:55,839 --> 00:37:58,880 in that during that era, an approximately 1001 00:37:58,880 --> 00:38:00,560 35,000 1002 00:38:00,560 --> 00:38:03,200 immigrants from Mexico entered 1003 00:38:03,200 --> 00:38:05,440 and gained permanent residency per year 1004 00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:06,800 and especially in the beginning of the 1005 00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:08,240 1960s, 1006 00:38:08,240 --> 00:38:11,200 so this is putting an average of 1007 00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:15,119 181,000 Bracero workers per year. 35,000 1008 00:38:15,119 --> 00:38:17,440 regular admissions 1009 00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:20,320 when the boundaries on and caps on 1010 00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:21,839 western hemisphere immigration are 1011 00:38:21,839 --> 00:38:23,040 imposed, 1012 00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:25,280 after the 1965 immigration act goes into 1013 00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:28,240 effect in 1968 the opportunity for legal 1014 00:38:28,240 --> 00:38:30,800 status to work in the United States has 1015 00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:34,880 now been reduced to 20,000 people a year 1016 00:38:34,880 --> 00:38:37,760 with a national cap for, sorry, 20,000 1017 00:38:37,760 --> 00:38:39,760 people a year as a national cap for 1018 00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:43,119 Mexico and 120,000 people for the 1019 00:38:43,119 --> 00:38:46,000 regional or the hemispheric cap 1020 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:48,000 which means that 1021 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:49,280 a 1022 00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:51,920 an average kind of 1023 00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:55,839 number of around 200,000, 200,000 people 1024 00:38:55,839 --> 00:38:57,520 living and working in the United States 1025 00:38:57,520 --> 00:38:59,119 per year entering the United States to 1026 00:38:59,119 --> 00:39:01,040 live and work 1027 00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:03,520 was reduced to around 20,000 people with 1028 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:05,119 legal access to living and working in 1029 00:39:05,119 --> 00:39:06,720 the United States. 1030 00:39:06,720 --> 00:39:09,680 The U.S. economy was not oriented towards 1031 00:39:09,680 --> 00:39:13,359 this dramatic shrinking of 1032 00:39:13,359 --> 00:39:16,880 a workforce that many parts especially 1033 00:39:16,880 --> 00:39:18,400 if you look at the agricultural 1034 00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:21,440 workforce of the southwest and west 1035 00:39:21,440 --> 00:39:23,520 of the United States in particular were 1036 00:39:23,520 --> 00:39:25,599 reliant upon and so 1037 00:39:25,599 --> 00:39:27,520 many of those jobs were still there. 1038 00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:29,440 There was still a 1039 00:39:29,440 --> 00:39:32,000 significant draw for laborers from 1040 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:33,520 Mexico, in particular, to work in the 1041 00:39:33,520 --> 00:39:36,160 United States, but there was not a legal 1042 00:39:36,160 --> 00:39:38,240 pathway for them to do so or there was a 1043 00:39:38,240 --> 00:39:40,720 very limited legal pathway for them to 1044 00:39:40,720 --> 00:39:43,839 do so. 1045 00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:46,720 The Civil Rights, sorry, the 1965 1046 00:39:46,720 --> 00:39:49,599 Immigration Act will dramatically change 1047 00:39:49,599 --> 00:39:52,240 the demographics of the United States 1048 00:39:52,240 --> 00:39:53,359 um... 1049 00:39:53,359 --> 00:39:55,520 just it will be revolutionary unlike 1050 00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:59,119 what Lyndon B. Johnson had declared 1051 00:39:59,119 --> 00:40:00,640 and so 1052 00:40:00,640 --> 00:40:02,240 immigration on the whole will 1053 00:40:02,240 --> 00:40:04,160 significantly rise right you look at 1054 00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:06,079 this graph, 1055 00:40:06,079 --> 00:40:08,319 the kind of dip down 1056 00:40:08,319 --> 00:40:12,240 begins in the 19 teens, right, when you 1057 00:40:12,240 --> 00:40:14,480 look at for example the Asian Barred Zone 1058 00:40:14,480 --> 00:40:16,880 being created in 1917, would be a good 1059 00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:18,960 place to consider the downward drop, 1060 00:40:18,960 --> 00:40:21,119 beginning and then with the 1965 1061 00:40:21,119 --> 00:40:24,720 immigration act there is a steep rise 1062 00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:27,040 the rise is of course not chiefly 1063 00:40:27,040 --> 00:40:29,599 European immigrants as 1064 00:40:29,599 --> 00:40:32,400 Representative Feighan had hoped, 1065 00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:34,400 in fact, it will predominantly be 1066 00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:35,680 immigrants from Latin America and 1067 00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:37,520 southeast Asia that will come to the 1068 00:40:37,520 --> 00:40:41,119 United States in the decades that follow 1069 00:40:41,119 --> 00:40:42,160 and 1070 00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:45,280 this will cause significant anxiety for 1071 00:40:45,280 --> 00:40:47,280 for many Americans and this brings me to 1072 00:40:47,280 --> 00:40:49,760 my kind of concluding segment 1073 00:40:49,760 --> 00:40:52,800 looking at the end of the 20th century, 1074 00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:54,240 narratives about undocumented 1075 00:40:54,240 --> 00:40:56,319 immigration and more broadly speaking 1076 00:40:56,319 --> 00:40:59,440 Mexican immigration that take hold 1077 00:40:59,440 --> 00:41:00,480 so 1078 00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:02,960 by the time we get to the 1980s, we're 1079 00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:04,560 getting 1080 00:41:04,560 --> 00:41:06,560 magazine covers that look like this one, 1081 00:41:06,560 --> 00:41:10,079 right, the U.S. News and World Report 1985 1082 00:41:10,079 --> 00:41:12,400 the disappearing border between the 1083 00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:15,440 United States and Mexico and a question 1084 00:41:15,440 --> 00:41:18,839 will the Mexican migration create a new 1085 00:41:18,839 --> 00:41:22,800 nation in the article, that is written in 1086 00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:25,760 relation to this cover the author writes 1087 00:41:25,760 --> 00:41:27,200 that 1088 00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:29,200 Mexican immigrants are quote "the new 1089 00:41:29,200 --> 00:41:31,599 conquistadors... rising in the land their 1090 00:41:31,599 --> 00:41:33,680 forebears took from Indians and lost to 1091 00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:35,440 the Americans," right, so this idea of 1092 00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:37,440 invasion and conquest of the United 1093 00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:40,480 States by immigrants from Mexico 1094 00:41:40,480 --> 00:41:43,119 this will be part of a, 1095 00:41:43,119 --> 00:41:44,960 you know, a growing narrative, but it's 1096 00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:47,839 not yet this idea of 1097 00:41:47,839 --> 00:41:50,560 invasion is not yet governing sort of 1098 00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:53,040 federal policy. Nonetheless there is a 1099 00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:54,880 lot of anxiety about undocumented 1100 00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:56,880 immigration in the United States and the 1101 00:41:56,880 --> 00:41:59,599 first kind of significant act to address 1102 00:41:59,599 --> 00:42:02,000 it, is the 1986 Immigration Reform and 1103 00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,000 control act wherein the Reagan 1104 00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,079 administration 1105 00:42:06,079 --> 00:42:08,400 legalized the status of most immigrants 1106 00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:10,079 who came to the United States prior to 1107 00:42:10,079 --> 00:42:12,800 1982, which was three million 1108 00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:14,560 undocumented people applied for 1109 00:42:14,560 --> 00:42:16,960 legalization of status, but it also 1110 00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:18,720 attempted to make it illegal to 1111 00:42:18,720 --> 00:42:20,720 knowingly hire undocumented immigrants 1112 00:42:20,720 --> 00:42:23,040 to make it harder to be an undocumented 1113 00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:25,760 immigrant in the United States 1114 00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:28,480 and to make a life for yourself 1115 00:42:28,480 --> 00:42:31,119 by the time we get to the 1990s, this 1116 00:42:31,119 --> 00:42:33,760 kind of anxiety about demographic change 1117 00:42:33,760 --> 00:42:36,079 in the United States will intensify, 1118 00:42:36,079 --> 00:42:39,119 we have a Newsweek magazine from 1993 1119 00:42:39,119 --> 00:42:41,200 with the Statue of Liberty drowning 1120 00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:44,560 right, um that there's too much somehow 1121 00:42:44,560 --> 00:42:47,839 that, and they're reporting that 60 of 1122 00:42:47,839 --> 00:42:50,000 Americans say that immigration is bad 1123 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,000 for the country 1124 00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:53,680 and in 1125 00:42:53,680 --> 00:42:56,400 the state of California, a very important 1126 00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,119 proposition is put forward that will 1127 00:42:59,119 --> 00:43:02,560 serve as a organizing point for 1128 00:43:02,560 --> 00:43:05,040 anti-immigration sentiment in the United 1129 00:43:05,040 --> 00:43:07,119 States. A woman named Barbara Coe, founder 1130 00:43:07,119 --> 00:43:08,960 of California Coalition for Immigration 1131 00:43:08,960 --> 00:43:09,920 Reform, 1132 00:43:09,920 --> 00:43:12,960 puts helps organize a coalition to 1133 00:43:12,960 --> 00:43:15,599 create a what they call a Save Our State 1134 00:43:15,599 --> 00:43:18,160 initiative, right, clearly named save them 1135 00:43:18,160 --> 00:43:19,599 from um 1136 00:43:19,599 --> 00:43:21,119 chiefly immigrants but specifically 1137 00:43:21,119 --> 00:43:22,640 Mexican immigrants 1138 00:43:22,640 --> 00:43:23,839 um 1139 00:43:23,839 --> 00:43:24,720 with 1140 00:43:24,720 --> 00:43:27,200 the framework that um 1141 00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:30,400 she was very worried about the 1142 00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:31,280 uh 1143 00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:32,960 from her perspective the burden on the 1144 00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:35,359 state of California that undocumented 1145 00:43:35,359 --> 00:43:38,400 immigration in particular was putting on 1146 00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:39,680 the state. 1147 00:43:39,680 --> 00:43:40,640 So 1148 00:43:40,640 --> 00:43:42,880 she puts forward this proposition. She 1149 00:43:42,880 --> 00:43:44,240 and many others 1150 00:43:44,240 --> 00:43:48,079 and it will pass. It will attempt to 1151 00:43:48,079 --> 00:43:49,200 restrict 1152 00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:51,040 undocumented immigrants from having 1153 00:43:51,040 --> 00:43:53,520 access to health care. It will be part 1154 00:43:53,520 --> 00:43:55,520 of a shift to 1155 00:43:55,520 --> 00:43:57,520 prevent undocumented women from having 1156 00:43:57,520 --> 00:44:01,040 access to prenatal care. It will require 1157 00:44:01,040 --> 00:44:03,280 public school teachers to report 1158 00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:05,200 undocumented immigrants to local 1159 00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:06,319 authorities 1160 00:44:06,319 --> 00:44:08,960 so it attempts to reduce 1161 00:44:08,960 --> 00:44:10,560 public benefits from undocumented 1162 00:44:10,560 --> 00:44:12,319 immigrants and 1163 00:44:12,319 --> 00:44:13,839 really constrict 1164 00:44:13,839 --> 00:44:15,119 um... 1165 00:44:15,119 --> 00:44:16,000 the 1166 00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:17,920 access to 1167 00:44:17,920 --> 00:44:19,520 public goods. 1168 00:44:19,520 --> 00:44:22,079 It will be deemed unconstitutional by 1169 00:44:22,079 --> 00:44:24,800 the U.S. Supreme Court chiefly because 1170 00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:26,560 it's the state attempting to regulate 1171 00:44:26,560 --> 00:44:28,000 immigration 1172 00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:28,720 and 1173 00:44:28,720 --> 00:44:31,200 so this proposition will not go into 1174 00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:32,560 full effect. 1175 00:44:32,560 --> 00:44:36,400 Nonetheless, it will have a strong 1176 00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:39,280 influence on the national law that gets 1177 00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:41,920 passed in 1996, the Illegal Immigration 1178 00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:44,319 Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act 1179 00:44:44,319 --> 00:44:46,240 which will bar undocumented immigrants 1180 00:44:46,240 --> 00:44:48,560 from receiving public health services 1181 00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:50,400 benefits including welfare 1182 00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:52,880 retirement food assistance unemployment 1183 00:44:52,880 --> 00:44:54,400 and it will increase the list of 1184 00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:56,560 offenses that traverse deportation for 1185 00:44:56,560 --> 00:44:59,359 all immigrants. 1186 00:44:59,359 --> 00:45:01,200 This will kind of 1187 00:45:01,200 --> 00:45:05,520 set a broader frame of the ways in which 1188 00:45:05,520 --> 00:45:07,680 the change in who immigrants are to the 1189 00:45:07,680 --> 00:45:10,319 United States, legal or otherwise, has 1190 00:45:10,319 --> 00:45:12,480 created a lot of anxiety and an attempt 1191 00:45:12,480 --> 00:45:15,280 to restrict and 1192 00:45:15,280 --> 00:45:18,400 narrow who can have full access to 1193 00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:20,079 the benefits of life in the United 1194 00:45:20,079 --> 00:45:22,400 States, who has the access who has the 1195 00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:23,760 ability to 1196 00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:26,079 fully enter the United States, so 1197 00:45:26,079 --> 00:45:27,839 there's clearly been 1198 00:45:27,839 --> 00:45:29,920 a shift in them by the time we get to 1199 00:45:29,920 --> 00:45:32,880 the 1990s, that will define much of the 1200 00:45:32,880 --> 00:45:35,760 conversation into the 21st century 1201 00:45:35,760 --> 00:45:39,280 so with that, I'll conclude my talk, 1202 00:45:39,280 --> 00:45:40,560 setting forward some of the broad 1203 00:45:40,560 --> 00:45:43,200 frameworks of who can be an American, how 1204 00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:45,440 Americans think about 1205 00:45:45,440 --> 00:45:47,599 immigration as a way of guiding the 1206 00:45:47,599 --> 00:45:49,599 composition of the nation and I welcome 1207 00:45:49,599 --> 00:45:52,160 any questions. 1208 00:45:54,319 --> 00:45:56,319 Okay, great, 1209 00:45:56,319 --> 00:45:58,880 for participants, if you did not see the 1210 00:45:58,880 --> 00:46:01,359 message in the chat earlier from me 1211 00:46:01,359 --> 00:46:02,160 um... 1212 00:46:02,160 --> 00:46:04,640 we welcome questions and comments and I 1213 00:46:04,640 --> 00:46:08,319 will read them on your behalf and we may 1214 00:46:08,319 --> 00:46:11,200 need to edit them for clarity and length. 1215 00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:13,280 Dr. Ballout will also be available for 1216 00:46:13,280 --> 00:46:15,280 follow-up after today's event, if you'd 1217 00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:17,599 like to contact her and her email 1218 00:46:17,599 --> 00:46:20,960 address is l-a-i-l-a 1219 00:46:20,960 --> 00:46:21,839 dot 1220 00:46:21,839 --> 00:46:24,160 b-a-l-l-o-u-t 1221 00:46:24,160 --> 00:46:26,560 at wichita.edu 1222 00:46:26,560 --> 00:46:29,040 and there are two questions 1223 00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:30,079 from 1224 00:46:30,079 --> 00:46:32,319 Jay Price. 1225 00:46:32,319 --> 00:46:35,119 First, is the two thousand 1226 00:46:35,119 --> 00:46:37,200 two hundred thousand quota system still 1227 00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:40,000 in effect and second, we talk about 1228 00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,960 illegal immigration as a single entity 1229 00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:45,680 but are there types of undocumented 1230 00:46:45,680 --> 00:46:48,160 immigrant experiences? 1231 00:46:48,160 --> 00:46:51,599 Sure, yes, the quota is still in effect 1232 00:46:51,599 --> 00:46:53,760 but there are there have been a lot of 1233 00:46:53,760 --> 00:46:54,560 um... 1234 00:46:54,560 --> 00:46:57,040 addendums to it creating different 1235 00:46:57,040 --> 00:46:58,560 types of visas. 1236 00:46:58,560 --> 00:47:00,960 There are more ways around the quota 1237 00:47:00,960 --> 00:47:05,200 um than there used to be but 1238 00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:07,920 as a boundary that creates an obstacle 1239 00:47:07,920 --> 00:47:09,520 to legal immigration, it is certainly 1240 00:47:09,520 --> 00:47:11,920 there, right, and for as an example 1241 00:47:11,920 --> 00:47:13,119 um... 1242 00:47:13,119 --> 00:47:15,920 there are 1.2 million people 1243 00:47:15,920 --> 00:47:18,480 waiting for family reunification visas 1244 00:47:18,480 --> 00:47:20,240 from the nation of Mexico currently 1245 00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:23,440 right and those are that kind of line 1246 00:47:23,440 --> 00:47:25,680 started very quickly in 1969, when it was 1247 00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:27,680 like a nine month line, I don't know how 1248 00:47:27,680 --> 00:47:30,400 long 1.2 million people take to process 1249 00:47:30,400 --> 00:47:33,040 but this is a years long waiting 1250 00:47:33,040 --> 00:47:35,200 process that's created by that limited 1251 00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:36,319 quota 1252 00:47:36,319 --> 00:47:39,760 and as for differences of experiences, 1253 00:47:39,760 --> 00:47:41,920 of course, right, there's um 1254 00:47:41,920 --> 00:47:44,240 there are people who, um, you know 1255 00:47:44,240 --> 00:47:46,640 overstay a visa unknowingly sometimes. 1256 00:47:46,640 --> 00:47:48,800 There are people who, 1257 00:47:48,800 --> 00:47:50,880 in fact, overstaying visas is one of 1258 00:47:50,880 --> 00:47:52,240 the most significant ways that someone 1259 00:47:52,240 --> 00:47:53,920 becomes undocumented in the United 1260 00:47:53,920 --> 00:47:55,440 States. 1261 00:47:55,440 --> 00:47:57,599 There are, of course, your sort of 1262 00:47:57,599 --> 00:47:59,920 the imagery of media, right, people who 1263 00:47:59,920 --> 00:48:03,559 attempt to cross across the border at an 1264 00:48:03,559 --> 00:48:05,760 unmonitored crossing point, but that 1265 00:48:05,760 --> 00:48:08,240 really is the minority of 1266 00:48:08,240 --> 00:48:10,240 ways that people become undocumented in 1267 00:48:10,240 --> 00:48:12,079 the United States. There are people who 1268 00:48:12,079 --> 00:48:14,160 lose their immigration status because of 1269 00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:15,920 a traffic violation. 1270 00:48:15,920 --> 00:48:17,440 There's an enormous number of ways that 1271 00:48:17,440 --> 00:48:19,599 people can become undocumented in the 1272 00:48:19,599 --> 00:48:21,599 United States, 1273 00:48:21,599 --> 00:48:23,920 so yes that I couldn't, I couldn't create 1274 00:48:23,920 --> 00:48:25,760 a list long enough to capitulate even 1275 00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:28,240 half of them. 1276 00:48:29,040 --> 00:48:31,839 Here's a question from Meghan Kuhlmann. 1277 00:48:31,839 --> 00:48:34,960 I'm curious how you see the events of 9 1278 00:48:34,960 --> 00:48:36,079 11 1279 00:48:36,079 --> 00:48:38,000 affected this larger narrative of 1280 00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:40,079 immigration history and perception in 1281 00:48:40,079 --> 00:48:42,000 the U.S. 1282 00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:43,440 Sure, 1283 00:48:43,440 --> 00:48:44,480 well, 1284 00:48:44,480 --> 00:48:46,160 there were immigration changes. There 1285 00:48:46,160 --> 00:48:48,000 were changes to U.S. immigration policy 1286 00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:50,400 so there was a specific immigration 1287 00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:51,599 policy. 1288 00:48:51,599 --> 00:48:55,920 NCR is the acronym. National Security 1289 00:48:55,920 --> 00:48:57,599 something examination, I'm forgetting 1290 00:48:57,599 --> 00:49:00,079 exactly what it stands for but it 1291 00:49:00,079 --> 00:49:02,640 created extra scrutiny for Muslim young 1292 00:49:02,640 --> 00:49:05,599 men coming to the United States and so 1293 00:49:05,599 --> 00:49:06,640 um 1294 00:49:06,640 --> 00:49:08,400 September 11th 1295 00:49:08,400 --> 00:49:10,960 intensified the ways in which many 1296 00:49:10,960 --> 00:49:12,240 Americans thought about national 1297 00:49:12,240 --> 00:49:13,760 security when they thought about 1298 00:49:13,760 --> 00:49:16,800 immigration in intensified the ways 1299 00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:17,760 in which 1300 00:49:17,760 --> 00:49:19,760 border crossings were seen as potential 1301 00:49:19,760 --> 00:49:22,079 weak points in the American kind of 1302 00:49:22,079 --> 00:49:24,720 national security establishment and so 1303 00:49:24,720 --> 00:49:27,119 there's very clear ways, right, where 1304 00:49:27,119 --> 00:49:27,920 um... 1305 00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:29,920 communities especially from the Middle 1306 00:49:29,920 --> 00:49:30,960 East 1307 00:49:30,960 --> 00:49:32,800 people of Arab descent, people of Muslim 1308 00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:35,119 Muslim descent, gain extra scrutiny 1309 00:49:35,119 --> 00:49:37,200 sometimes very formally through that NCR 1310 00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:39,040 program 1311 00:49:39,040 --> 00:49:41,119 and there's also of course many informal 1312 00:49:41,119 --> 00:49:42,960 ways in which 1313 00:49:42,960 --> 00:49:44,480 immigrant communities to the United 1314 00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:46,400 States experience backlash 1315 00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:48,079 simply because of greater anxieties 1316 00:49:48,079 --> 00:49:50,160 among the American public about their 1317 00:49:50,160 --> 00:49:53,598 presence in the United States. 1318 00:49:54,160 --> 00:49:56,079 Okay, and there is a question from 1319 00:49:56,079 --> 00:49:59,200 Alberto Wilson. He thanks you for a great 1320 00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:00,240 talk 1321 00:50:00,240 --> 00:50:02,640 and can you discuss any immigration 1322 00:50:02,640 --> 00:50:04,319 resolutions that did not become 1323 00:50:04,319 --> 00:50:07,920 legislation but that also 1324 00:50:07,920 --> 00:50:10,839 revealed this interplay between race and 1325 00:50:10,839 --> 00:50:13,359 citizenship especially in thinking about 1326 00:50:13,359 --> 00:50:16,400 the past decade and the non-past laws 1327 00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:19,520 that nonetheless racialized people? 1328 00:50:19,520 --> 00:50:21,040 Sure, 1329 00:50:21,040 --> 00:50:23,839 well, the one that leaps to mind is, of 1330 00:50:23,839 --> 00:50:25,680 course, at the beginning of Donald 1331 00:50:25,680 --> 00:50:27,200 Trump's term the - 1332 00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:29,839 what got termed the Muslim Ban 1333 00:50:29,839 --> 00:50:33,839 which was the attempt by the Donald, 1334 00:50:33,839 --> 00:50:35,599 incoming Donald Trump administration, to 1335 00:50:35,599 --> 00:50:39,040 define by geography a certain list 1336 00:50:39,040 --> 00:50:41,440 of countries that they wanted to 1337 00:50:41,440 --> 00:50:43,680 entirely pause immigration from 1338 00:50:43,680 --> 00:50:45,760 those particular places and it winds up 1339 00:50:45,760 --> 00:50:47,680 not holding up essentially because of 1340 00:50:47,680 --> 00:50:49,760 the language in the 1965 Immigration Act 1341 00:50:49,760 --> 00:50:51,200 that you cannot 1342 00:50:51,200 --> 00:50:53,520 discriminate based on national origin 1343 00:50:53,520 --> 00:50:56,319 and that it's deemed that the way that 1344 00:50:56,319 --> 00:50:59,599 that law was being put forth um was too 1345 00:50:59,599 --> 00:51:01,680 closely linked to discrimination based 1346 00:51:01,680 --> 00:51:03,680 on national origin and so it doesn't 1347 00:51:03,680 --> 00:51:05,760 hold up in in the courts, 1348 00:51:05,760 --> 00:51:07,920 but, yes, it's a great question and 1349 00:51:07,920 --> 00:51:09,920 there's an enormous number of examples 1350 00:51:09,920 --> 00:51:11,680 in which 1351 00:51:11,680 --> 00:51:12,880 people. 1352 00:51:12,880 --> 00:51:14,880 you know. have anxieties about race. 1353 00:51:14,880 --> 00:51:16,800 ethnicity. and immigration and they 1354 00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:20,000 seek to create laws to guide or 1355 00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:21,760 create boundaries and you can come to 1356 00:51:21,760 --> 00:51:24,480 the United States. 1357 00:51:24,640 --> 00:51:26,480 Okay, I think we have time for one more 1358 00:51:26,480 --> 00:51:27,760 question 1359 00:51:27,760 --> 00:51:30,720 and Jean Griffith asks 1360 00:51:30,720 --> 00:51:32,319 if you can talk a little bit about how 1361 00:51:32,319 --> 00:51:34,800 demographic groups within the United 1362 00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:35,839 States 1363 00:51:35,839 --> 00:51:37,760 influenced immigration policy for 1364 00:51:37,760 --> 00:51:40,480 example the so-called white slavery 1365 00:51:40,480 --> 00:51:43,599 issue and its impact on Asian 1366 00:51:43,599 --> 00:51:45,680 immigration? 1367 00:51:45,680 --> 00:51:47,359 So you're reaching far 1368 00:51:47,359 --> 00:51:50,000 back earlier than my specialty, 1369 00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:52,720 in the late 19th century, so I have in 1370 00:51:52,720 --> 00:51:54,640 the recesses of my mind 1371 00:51:54,640 --> 00:51:57,040 some some recollection of reading about 1372 00:51:57,040 --> 00:51:57,920 that 1373 00:51:57,920 --> 00:52:00,000 but it's not at the 1374 00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:02,319 forefront for me but I would just say 1375 00:52:02,319 --> 00:52:06,160 that there were there were many ideas 1376 00:52:06,160 --> 00:52:07,760 especially in the late 19th century and 1377 00:52:07,760 --> 00:52:11,680 early 20th century about um 1378 00:52:11,680 --> 00:52:13,680 worries about 1379 00:52:13,680 --> 00:52:17,200 variously speaking Asian, African 1380 00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,160 men who are not white having control 1381 00:52:20,160 --> 00:52:20,960 over 1382 00:52:20,960 --> 00:52:23,119 women who are white 1383 00:52:23,119 --> 00:52:25,280 and that being some kind of a sexual 1384 00:52:25,280 --> 00:52:27,760 threat and it played into you know 1385 00:52:27,760 --> 00:52:29,760 anti-mystery nation laws in the United 1386 00:52:29,760 --> 00:52:31,680 States laws that prevented 1387 00:52:31,680 --> 00:52:33,920 people from marrying across races and so 1388 00:52:33,920 --> 00:52:36,880 immigration and gender and race were 1389 00:52:36,880 --> 00:52:38,559 very much intertwined in people's 1390 00:52:38,559 --> 00:52:42,079 imaginations sometimes in those ways. 1391 00:52:42,079 --> 00:52:44,160 Okay, well, thank you, Dr. Ballout, this is 1392 00:52:44,160 --> 00:52:46,559 very interesting and 1393 00:52:46,559 --> 00:52:48,559 depth of knowledge is very impressive. 1394 00:52:48,559 --> 00:52:50,559 You're getting some, you're getting some 1395 00:52:50,559 --> 00:52:51,839 applause 1396 00:52:51,839 --> 00:52:54,400 icons 1397 00:52:55,280 --> 00:52:58,880 and again if you would please 1398 00:52:58,880 --> 00:53:01,119 direct any unanswered questions to Dr. 1399 00:53:01,119 --> 00:53:03,440 Ballout and she has she has said she will 1400 00:53:03,440 --> 00:53:07,520 follow up with you um please contact her 1401 00:53:07,520 --> 00:53:09,680 and thank you, again, Dr. Ballout for sharing 1402 00:53:09,680 --> 00:53:11,760 some time with us this afternoon. 1403 00:53:11,760 --> 00:53:14,720 Thank you all, I really appreciate it. 1404 00:53:14,720 --> 00:53:17,760 Okay our next 1405 00:53:17,760 --> 00:53:19,920 talk will be 1406 00:53:19,920 --> 00:53:23,040 oops, here we go, 1407 00:53:24,079 --> 00:53:27,440 December 1st with Robert E. Weems, Junior 1408 00:53:27,440 --> 00:53:29,280 who is our Willard W. Garvey 1409 00:53:29,280 --> 00:53:30,640 Distinguished Professor of Business 1410 00:53:30,640 --> 00:53:32,640 History at Wichita State 1411 00:53:32,640 --> 00:53:35,440 and he will talk about Jim Crow in the 1412 00:53:35,440 --> 00:53:37,520 Business World: the Birth, Growth and 1413 00:53:37,520 --> 00:53:39,760 Disappearance of Black-Owned Insurance 1414 00:53:39,760 --> 00:53:40,880 Companies. 1415 00:53:40,880 --> 00:53:44,160 So I hope to see you all then 1416 00:53:44,160 --> 00:53:46,800 and again the Zoom information for each 1417 00:53:46,800 --> 00:53:48,960 of our prospective talks will remain the 1418 00:53:48,960 --> 00:53:52,319 same and you can go to the website 1419 00:53:52,319 --> 00:53:53,280 to 1420 00:53:53,280 --> 00:53:55,760 read up on each of the presentations 1421 00:53:55,760 --> 00:53:57,839 that will be coming up on 1422 00:53:57,839 --> 00:53:58,480 and 1423 00:53:58,480 --> 00:53:59,839 those will be on December 1st and 1424 00:53:59,839 --> 00:54:04,680 December 8th, so, thank you everyone.