Aerodynamic analysis of varying tail angles of a barn swallow model
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Abstract
Avian tails can perform a variety of functions, from providing directional control and stability, forming a supplementary lifting surface, and reducing induced drag. Barn swallows vary sweep and angle of attack of their tails during flight. At low speeds, their tails spread out more, providing a larger surface area, while at higher speeds, the tail is furled to a narrow profile. These vast changes in the tail angles affect aerodynamic loads on the bird, such as lift, drag, and pitching moment. Previous research has shown these values for a variety of air speeds based on testing real birds in a wind tunnel. This research focuses on the design of a model plane featuring interchangeable tails imitating the different angles of a barn swallow tail. With a variety of tail designs created to simulate a barn swallow, a model was designed in OpenVSP and created out of wood to test in a subsonic wind tunnel. The goal is to build a semi-empirical model showing the effect of tail sweep on barn swallow aerodynamics and stability, and additionally gain an insight on what tail angles provided optimized loading on the model. Trends in this research showed that a narrow swept tail with a smaller surface produces slightly less lift, but, in turn, produces significantly less drag. On the other hand, a wide swept tail with a larger surface area produces much more lift and only slightly less drag.