Nanofiber scaffolds, with their promising applications in tissue regeneration and tissue engineering, are at the forefront of biomedical engineering. Their structure mirrors the extracellular matrix (ECM) morphology, allows for grafting in various damaged tissues, and facilitates tissue regeneration. Derived from biodegradable and biocompatible materials, these scaffolds exhibit low cytotoxicity to the cells. Electrospinning techniques can produce fibers with diameters ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers, enhancing their adaptability in different tissue types and their customization in tissue engineering. A fascinating application of nanofiber scaffolds is in the treatment of neurological disorders such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and Parkinson's disease. These scaffolds, known for their adaptability, can be engineered to mimic the architecture of the nervous system's extracellular matrix. The implantation of nanofiber scaffolds in the nervous system can act as cues for axon regrowth, neuron adhesion, and neural differentiation. This chapter will explore the latest advancements in investigating nanofibers and stem cells for treating neurological diseases, ensuring you are up to date with cutting-edge research. © 2025 Linh Huynh, Li Yao. All rights reserved.