Cardiovascular health monitoring using multiple conformal photoplethysmography devices for use in spaceflight
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Abstract
It is important to continuously monitor astronauts’ cardiovascular health since the human body is evolved to function optimally in the presence of Earth’s gravity. Photoplethysmography devices use light and an optical sensor to measure blood flow which can determine heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), oxygen levels, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular abnormalities in a patient. We tested multiple designs of the PPG and concluded green light, flexible casing, and adjustable strap provides optimal signal that is inexpensive, lightweight, and noninvasive. Creating a low-pressure environment that replicates microgravity allows manipulation of blood flow compared to normal gravitational environments. Multiple conformal photoplethysmography devices are placed on the forehead, ankle, and wrist to first identify precise locations where signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is superior. Using multiple devices gives a variety of data since one device is not sufficient. Simultaneous synchronized data collection is performed at all three locations in a low body negative pressure chamber (LBNP). MATLAB software is used to pinpoint each systolic peak in a wave sample and calculations from this analysis can be applied to clinical parameters and measurements, such as HR, HRV, and other cardiovascular health markers. Results can show arterial irregularities, such as palpitations. Our results infer precise locations with low SNR are established, LBNP does alter PPG wave results, and motion artifact creates low SNR. Future testing includes tackling ambulatory motion artifact, creating an algorithm to automatically process data, larger sample sizing, and microgravity testing onboard reduced gravity aircraft.