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Effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on plants, plant populations and communities: A Review
Russell, F. Leland Zippin, David B. Fowler, Norma L.
Russell, F. Leland
Zippin, David B.
Fowler, Norma L.
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2001-07
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Abstract
Large effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) upon individual
plants, plant populations and communities have been documented in a number of studies.
However, well-supported experimental measures of the magnitude and geographical extent
of these effects are still surprisingly scarce. Deer-caused changes in stem morphology and
reductions in plant growth rates are well-documented in some parts of the North America.
Furthermore, deer have been shown to affect the composition of several plant communities
in the north-central and northeastern United States. There are some documented cases of
deer-caused reductions in plant survival; most of these are tree seedlings and saplings. However,
many studies have detected no effects on plant survival or fecundity, or have found
that negative effects occur only in a fraction of years, seasons, sites or deer densities. Little
is known about population-level or ecosystem-level impacts. Many regions and plant communities
with large deer populations have not been studied. Whereas deer density is clearly
important in determining spatial and temporal variation in the presence and magnitude of
deer effects, other factors that may modify the effects of deer density are poorly understood.
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The University of Notre Dame
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The American Midland Naturalist 146:1-26;
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1938-4238