Purpose of Study. To the present author's knowledge there have been no studies conducted expressly for the purpose of investigating secondary reinforcement learning in lower animals which have undergone restriction in early environments. To the extent, however, that the experimental apparatus and stimulus controls in incidental and secondary reinforcement learning studies are similar, we might consider the latter to lend appropriate significant information for purposes of the present study. Also, for purposes of the present study, it seems likely that adverse effects on behavior will be induced by the conditions imposed on the experimental groups.