Porous trailing edge for airfoil and fan noise reduction at low-speed stall conditions
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Abstract
Fan noise is prevalent in our daily lives, and one of the most common applications is cooling fans for electronic thermal management. Porous media have demonstrated good noise reduction capabilities, and employing a porous trailing edge is one possible approach to reducing airfoil self-noise. However, many aeroacoustics investigations on noise generation and reduction have focused on high Reynolds numbers and low angles of attack, leading to a gap in the low-speed stall regime. A numerical investigation is conducted on an airfoil profile from an electronic cooling fan with two different types of trailing edges: a baseline solid trailing edge and a porous trailing edge beginning at the half chord. A wall-resolving large eddy simulation predicts the flow at a low Reynolds number of 1.5 × 104 and a high angle of attack of 25˚. Then, the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings analogy is used to obtain the farfield noise. The porous media utilizes a pore-scale approach to reveal the flow field within the porous media and accurately examine its impacts on the detached region and shear layer. The results demonstrate that the roll-up in the shear layer creates large coherent structures that break down due to Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. These rollers are the primary mechanisms of separation/stall noise. When compared to the baseline, the porous trailing edge reduces noise by up to 2 dB at a high angle of attack, and five flow field effects are identified that contribute to noise reduction. An acoustic experimental campaign was carried out to determine the effectiveness of porous trailing edges on electronic cooling fan blades, and up to 4.3% noise reduction was observed when compared to the fully solid blades. The partially porous fan blades with an average pore diameter of 1.25 mm performed less efficiently than those with a 1 mm pore diameter, owing to increased surface roughness.