The focus of this paper is on the issues and controversies that have arisen in connection with the management of archaeological resources at both the federal and state levels. Although archaeological resource management can be considered as falling under the broader umbrella of historic preservation, it has succeeded (if that is the proper word) in generating a series of exasperating problems unique unto itself. After a brief introduction to the science of prehistory and the need for management, these problems are discussed within the context of three important management tools: legislation, education, and planning. This division is convenient for pedagogical purposes, however it should not mask the fact that the concerns of archaeological resource management in the real world are highly interrelated. It is hoped that the presentation in this paper sheds some light on their true complexity.